Помните, что возможно именно ваша улыбка озаряет лучами радости чью-то жизнь!
Люди помогите перевести по человечески анлийский... нужно к 17 декабря, и увы все тексты...
читать дальшеTEXT A. ALBERT EINSTEIN1
Albert Einstein, a well-known German physicist and mathematician, was born in Germany on March 14, 1879. His unusual ability in mathe¬matics and physics began to show itself at a technical school in Zurich.2 At the age of 21, after four years of university study, Albert Einstein got a job as a clerk in an office. But already in 1905 he made revolutionary discoveries in science. He published three papers in the field of physics and mathematics. In the first he explained the photoelectric effect by means of Planck's quantum theory. The second paper developed a math¬ematical theory of Brownian motion.4 He presented his third paper on "Special Theory of Relativity" to a physical journal. Einstein expressed his theory in the equation E = mc , roughly that energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light.
All over the world scientists read the work with great surprise. Few physicists understood its importance at that time. Everybody wanted to know as much as possible about the author. Which institute did he teach in? What laboratory did he do his research in?
Einstein's fame among scientists grew slowly but surely. For a few years he lived in Prague5 where he worked as a professor. When he came to Prague, he often told his students: "I will always try to help you. If you have a problem, come to me with it, we will solve it together."
He liked questions and answered them at once, for there were no simple or foolish questions for him. He spoke much with his students about scientific problems and his new ideas. His advice to students was, "Don't take easy problems."
In 1921 Einstein got the Nobel Prize in physics not for the theory of relativity but for a logical explana¬tion of the photoelectric effect.
In 1922 he became a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his outstanding contri¬butions to physics and mathematics.
On March 14, 1979 by UNESCO decision all people throughout the world celebrated the birth centenary of the great 20th century scientist.
TEXT A.j MACHINE TOOLS — A MEASURE OF MAN'S PROGRESS
The variety and combinations of machine tools today are unlimited. Some of them are very small and can be mounted on a work-bench1 but others are so large that we have to construct special buildings to house them.
There are some basic operations at any workshop. They are turning, drilling, threading, etc. The main machine tool of such a workshop is the multipurpose lathe. What is a lathe? It is a power-driven machine2 with special tools which can cut or form metal parts. The metal that cuts an¬other metal must be very hard and so tools should be made of very hard steel alloys. The tool itself is very small in comparison with the mecha¬nism that is to direct it.
Technological progress improves accuracy of machine tools. Today's equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. One can find a number of3 machine tools that can measure and inspect their production themselves — machine tools that are to handle the parts mechanically and automatically. Such machines can hold the parts which are to be measured and are able to indicate precise measurements themselves. A great many of such "clever" machines can be found today in our industry.
Since machine tools become faster and more complex, automatic measurements and inspection ought to be of greater importance. Automa¬tion is one of the main factors of engineering progress.
Flexible production lines form the basis for automated workshops. The main principle of such a flexible line is the fact that it can be switched over from one product to another, which has a similar structure but a different outline, almost instantaneously. It is equally efficient in conditions of both mass and small-batch production4 and will serve to in¬crease the productivity.
TEXT A. FLOOD DEFENCE SYSTEM
In October 1980 the first stone with the words "Let's protect St. Pe¬tersburg from floods" was thrown into the waves of the Gulf of Finland near Gorskaya — that was the beginning of the construction of a flood defence system supposed to protect St. Petersburg from floods.
During the years of its existence the city has had nearly 300 floods. Three of them, in 1777, 1824 and 1924 were catastrophic. Ever since the foundation of the city by Peter the Great in 1703 various schemes for its protection were offered by specialists. But only due to modern technol¬ogy such a giant hydroengineering project was made possible.
The starting point was the adoption of the General Plan of St. Pe¬tersburg development (1966) which provided for the construction of a flood defence system. 52 scientific, designing and other organizations worked on this scheme for six years.
What does the hydroengineering complex look like?
Eleven giant dams of rock and soil (each 8 metres high above mean sea level) cross the Gulf of Finland from Gorskaya in the north to Lomonosov in the south of the Gulf through Kotlin Island (Kronstadt Fortress). Along the length of the dams there are six spillways to let the water through in normal conditions.
Ships will pass through two deep-water channels which are located on each side of the island, the 200 metres wide southern channel will be the main.
***
When a rise in the water level is forecast the whole automatic sys¬tem will be put in action.1 The gates which are located over the spill¬ways will go down to close the "windows" and the gates which slide along special rails on the bottom of the channels will come out of the dock chambers and bar the way to the sea wave. It will take only 30 minutes to perform all the operations.
It should be said that the construction of such gates is a sort of rev¬olution and has no analogy in modern world practice.
Motor-car highway — 24.4 kilometres long and 35 metres wide — runs along the top of the dams and bridges over the spillways and twice it "dives" into the tunnels under the bottom of the channels. The length of the southern tunnel is some 2,000 metres and that of the northern one is 1,400 metres.
The construction of the highway is paid great attention to2 as accord¬ing to3 the General Plan for the development of the city it is to become the outer part of the 150 km ring motor-road which will be built around the city.
However, the construction of the dam aroused hot discussions, the op¬position was very strong. As a result the work was stopped half-way.
Some years later it became evident that it was a grave error and that the defence system should be built. The present government of St. Pe¬tersburg is doing everything possible to resume and finish the construc¬tion to prevent the city from serious damages.
***
***
Look at the picture! Here is our chemical laboratory. It occupies a large room which is furnished with many long tables or benches2 as they are called. It is at these benches that experiments are usually done. There are a lot of things on the first bench. Nearly in the middle there stands a Bunsen burner with a flask over it. During an experiment the Bunsen burner is connected with the main gas line by a rubber tube. The flame of the burner is being regulated by means of a tap. The flask is fixed to the ring-stand. If some solution is boiling in the flask, the steam is corning out of it.
At the side of the bench there is a sink with two taps for cold and hot water. At the foot of the bench on the left-hand side there are two shelves with a few bottles on them. They contain chemical substances: solids and liquids. Some of the liquids are colourless and odourless, while others possess different colours and odours.
On the right-hand side there stands a rack with twelve test tubes in it. On the wall above the bench one can see the Periodic Table of Ele¬ments. In the cupboard on the left you can see flasks of different shapes and sizes, different kinds of glass tubes, condensers, filters, and so on, that is,4 things without which no chemical experiment can be done.
A student in white overall, Barbara, is preparing for an experiment at her bench. She is to get a new compound. Barbara is measuring some liquid in the measuring glass. When the liquid is measured it is poured into a special vessel and is mixed with water. From time to time Barbara looks up at the solution which is boiling on the Bunsen burner.
The other student, David, is sitting at the table on the left near the window and is putting down the results of his experiments which he was carrying out from 11 to 12 a. m.5 Suddenly he raises his head and says:
"Hey, Barbara, what are you doing? Why is the room being filled with steam? Regulate the flame of the burner, please, or turn it off."
Barbara runs up to the burner. She turns off the tap of the burner and turns on the ventilators. The flame is being regulated, the powerful ventilators are being turned on. Little by little the air in the room is be¬ing purified.
***
TEXT U. RADIO AND TV MARCH AHEAD
More than 100 years passed since the day when the Russian scientist Alexander Popov demonstrated his "storm indicator" which was the pro¬totype of modern radio receivers.
Great progress has been made in radio engineering, radio communi¬cations, radio broadcastings and television since that time. We have be¬come so used to these means of communication that we can't imagine our life without them.
In the modern world, radio and television play an important role as a mass media of infor¬mation and as a means of people's political and cultural education.
There is hardly a spot on the whole vast terri¬tory of Russia where there is no radio. The voice of Russian radio is heard all over the world. To¬day a great number of radio broadcasting stations in our country transmit all-day long programmes to other countries in about 50 languages.
Modern means of radio engineering cover the greater part of the globe with long, medium and ultra-short radio waves. New radio stations are being built and equipped with the most modern instruments.
Television is also developing rapidly in our country. At present Russia has a TV system.
читать дальшеTEXT A. ALBERT EINSTEIN1
Albert Einstein, a well-known German physicist and mathematician, was born in Germany on March 14, 1879. His unusual ability in mathe¬matics and physics began to show itself at a technical school in Zurich.2 At the age of 21, after four years of university study, Albert Einstein got a job as a clerk in an office. But already in 1905 he made revolutionary discoveries in science. He published three papers in the field of physics and mathematics. In the first he explained the photoelectric effect by means of Planck's quantum theory. The second paper developed a math¬ematical theory of Brownian motion.4 He presented his third paper on "Special Theory of Relativity" to a physical journal. Einstein expressed his theory in the equation E = mc , roughly that energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light.
All over the world scientists read the work with great surprise. Few physicists understood its importance at that time. Everybody wanted to know as much as possible about the author. Which institute did he teach in? What laboratory did he do his research in?
Einstein's fame among scientists grew slowly but surely. For a few years he lived in Prague5 where he worked as a professor. When he came to Prague, he often told his students: "I will always try to help you. If you have a problem, come to me with it, we will solve it together."
He liked questions and answered them at once, for there were no simple or foolish questions for him. He spoke much with his students about scientific problems and his new ideas. His advice to students was, "Don't take easy problems."
In 1921 Einstein got the Nobel Prize in physics not for the theory of relativity but for a logical explana¬tion of the photoelectric effect.
In 1922 he became a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his outstanding contri¬butions to physics and mathematics.
On March 14, 1979 by UNESCO decision all people throughout the world celebrated the birth centenary of the great 20th century scientist.
TEXT A.j MACHINE TOOLS — A MEASURE OF MAN'S PROGRESS
The variety and combinations of machine tools today are unlimited. Some of them are very small and can be mounted on a work-bench1 but others are so large that we have to construct special buildings to house them.
There are some basic operations at any workshop. They are turning, drilling, threading, etc. The main machine tool of such a workshop is the multipurpose lathe. What is a lathe? It is a power-driven machine2 with special tools which can cut or form metal parts. The metal that cuts an¬other metal must be very hard and so tools should be made of very hard steel alloys. The tool itself is very small in comparison with the mecha¬nism that is to direct it.
Technological progress improves accuracy of machine tools. Today's equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. One can find a number of3 machine tools that can measure and inspect their production themselves — machine tools that are to handle the parts mechanically and automatically. Such machines can hold the parts which are to be measured and are able to indicate precise measurements themselves. A great many of such "clever" machines can be found today in our industry.
Since machine tools become faster and more complex, automatic measurements and inspection ought to be of greater importance. Automa¬tion is one of the main factors of engineering progress.
Flexible production lines form the basis for automated workshops. The main principle of such a flexible line is the fact that it can be switched over from one product to another, which has a similar structure but a different outline, almost instantaneously. It is equally efficient in conditions of both mass and small-batch production4 and will serve to in¬crease the productivity.
TEXT A. FLOOD DEFENCE SYSTEM
In October 1980 the first stone with the words "Let's protect St. Pe¬tersburg from floods" was thrown into the waves of the Gulf of Finland near Gorskaya — that was the beginning of the construction of a flood defence system supposed to protect St. Petersburg from floods.
During the years of its existence the city has had nearly 300 floods. Three of them, in 1777, 1824 and 1924 were catastrophic. Ever since the foundation of the city by Peter the Great in 1703 various schemes for its protection were offered by specialists. But only due to modern technol¬ogy such a giant hydroengineering project was made possible.
The starting point was the adoption of the General Plan of St. Pe¬tersburg development (1966) which provided for the construction of a flood defence system. 52 scientific, designing and other organizations worked on this scheme for six years.
What does the hydroengineering complex look like?
Eleven giant dams of rock and soil (each 8 metres high above mean sea level) cross the Gulf of Finland from Gorskaya in the north to Lomonosov in the south of the Gulf through Kotlin Island (Kronstadt Fortress). Along the length of the dams there are six spillways to let the water through in normal conditions.
Ships will pass through two deep-water channels which are located on each side of the island, the 200 metres wide southern channel will be the main.
***
When a rise in the water level is forecast the whole automatic sys¬tem will be put in action.1 The gates which are located over the spill¬ways will go down to close the "windows" and the gates which slide along special rails on the bottom of the channels will come out of the dock chambers and bar the way to the sea wave. It will take only 30 minutes to perform all the operations.
It should be said that the construction of such gates is a sort of rev¬olution and has no analogy in modern world practice.
Motor-car highway — 24.4 kilometres long and 35 metres wide — runs along the top of the dams and bridges over the spillways and twice it "dives" into the tunnels under the bottom of the channels. The length of the southern tunnel is some 2,000 metres and that of the northern one is 1,400 metres.
The construction of the highway is paid great attention to2 as accord¬ing to3 the General Plan for the development of the city it is to become the outer part of the 150 km ring motor-road which will be built around the city.
However, the construction of the dam aroused hot discussions, the op¬position was very strong. As a result the work was stopped half-way.
Some years later it became evident that it was a grave error and that the defence system should be built. The present government of St. Pe¬tersburg is doing everything possible to resume and finish the construc¬tion to prevent the city from serious damages.
***
***
Look at the picture! Here is our chemical laboratory. It occupies a large room which is furnished with many long tables or benches2 as they are called. It is at these benches that experiments are usually done. There are a lot of things on the first bench. Nearly in the middle there stands a Bunsen burner with a flask over it. During an experiment the Bunsen burner is connected with the main gas line by a rubber tube. The flame of the burner is being regulated by means of a tap. The flask is fixed to the ring-stand. If some solution is boiling in the flask, the steam is corning out of it.
At the side of the bench there is a sink with two taps for cold and hot water. At the foot of the bench on the left-hand side there are two shelves with a few bottles on them. They contain chemical substances: solids and liquids. Some of the liquids are colourless and odourless, while others possess different colours and odours.
On the right-hand side there stands a rack with twelve test tubes in it. On the wall above the bench one can see the Periodic Table of Ele¬ments. In the cupboard on the left you can see flasks of different shapes and sizes, different kinds of glass tubes, condensers, filters, and so on, that is,4 things without which no chemical experiment can be done.
A student in white overall, Barbara, is preparing for an experiment at her bench. She is to get a new compound. Barbara is measuring some liquid in the measuring glass. When the liquid is measured it is poured into a special vessel and is mixed with water. From time to time Barbara looks up at the solution which is boiling on the Bunsen burner.
The other student, David, is sitting at the table on the left near the window and is putting down the results of his experiments which he was carrying out from 11 to 12 a. m.5 Suddenly he raises his head and says:
"Hey, Barbara, what are you doing? Why is the room being filled with steam? Regulate the flame of the burner, please, or turn it off."
Barbara runs up to the burner. She turns off the tap of the burner and turns on the ventilators. The flame is being regulated, the powerful ventilators are being turned on. Little by little the air in the room is be¬ing purified.
***
TEXT U. RADIO AND TV MARCH AHEAD
More than 100 years passed since the day when the Russian scientist Alexander Popov demonstrated his "storm indicator" which was the pro¬totype of modern radio receivers.
Great progress has been made in radio engineering, radio communi¬cations, radio broadcastings and television since that time. We have be¬come so used to these means of communication that we can't imagine our life without them.
In the modern world, radio and television play an important role as a mass media of infor¬mation and as a means of people's political and cultural education.
There is hardly a spot on the whole vast terri¬tory of Russia where there is no radio. The voice of Russian radio is heard all over the world. To¬day a great number of radio broadcasting stations in our country transmit all-day long programmes to other countries in about 50 languages.
Modern means of radio engineering cover the greater part of the globe with long, medium and ultra-short radio waves. New radio stations are being built and equipped with the most modern instruments.
Television is also developing rapidly in our country. At present Russia has a TV system.
@темы: help
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15.12.2008 в 19:12-
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15.12.2008 в 19:43я переводить человечески не умею
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15.12.2008 в 20:50-
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15.12.2008 в 21:07да... у меня очень плохо бывает...
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15.12.2008 в 21:17Альберт Энштейн-самый известный физик и математик, родился в Германии, 14 марта 1879г. Его неординарные способности в математкие и физике начали проявлятся во время его обучения в Цюрихской школе.В 21 год, после окончания 4 лет обучения в университете, А.Э. устроился на работу клерком. Но уже к 1905 году он сделал революционные открытия в науке. Он опубликовал 3 бумаги(статьи) в области физики и математики. В первой статье(бумаге) он разъяснил эффект фотоэлектрики с помощью квантовой Теории Планка.Во второй статье он разработал математическую теорию Броуновского движения.Свою третью статью "Специальная теория Относительности" он представил для журнала по физике(ну или как они там называются).Энштейн выразил свою Теорию в уравнении Е=mc,
примерно там энергия равняется скоростве света в квадрате.(если я все так поняла)
Учёные всего мира изучали работу с нескрываемым удивлением. Некоторые физики поняли её важность в то время.
все хотели знать как можно больше об авторе. В каком институте он преподаёт? В какой лаборатории проводил он своё исследование?
Известность Э. росла медленно,но уверенно. Несколько лет он прожил в Праге где он работал профессором. Когда он приехал в прагу,то всегда говорил студентам:" я всегда буду пытаться помочь вам.Если у вас будут проблемы-приходите ко мне с ними, мы попробуем найти решение вместе".
Он любил вопросы и отвечать на них одновременно, так как для него не было ни простых ни глупых вопросов. Он много говорил со студентами о проблемах науки и о его новых иедях. Его совет студентам был "НЕ ищите лёгких проблем"
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15.12.2008 в 21:58